Archives for encryption
Acrobat Protection – Confidentiality and Signing
Does Adobe Acrobat Fill & Sign Encrypt a PDF? Does Adobe Acrobat Fill & Sign Encrypt a PDF? No. Using Adobe Acrobat's Fill & Sign feature does not, by itself,…
Automated TLS Certificate Lifecycle with Let’s Encrypt and Certbot
Automated TLS Certificate Lifecycle with Let’s Encrypt and Certbot Managing TLS certificates traditionally involves several manual steps: generating cryptographic keys, creating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR), submitting it to a…
Automating Certificate Life Cycle Management
Automating TLS Certificate Management: From Let’s Encrypt to AWS ACM and Private PKI Manually managing TLS certificates does not scale well. The traditional process involves generating private keys, creating Certificate…
Client and Server Certificates
Client vs. Server Certificates: Understanding Certificates, CSRs, and Private Keys TLS certificates are commonly associated with web servers, but certificates can identify both servers and clients. A server certificate allows…
Mutual TLS
Mutual TLS (mTLS) Normal TLS primarily authenticates the server to the client. With mutual TLS, both sides present certificates. Client │ │ Client Certificate ▼ Server │ │ Server Certificate…
Certificates and Machine Identities – ACM versus Custom PKI
Certificates and Machine Identity Certificate management is becoming increasingly important because modern enterprises have far more machine identities than human identities. These can include: Applications APIs Containers Microservices Servers Devices…
AES ciphertext length close to plaintext length – leakage
AES Ciphertext Length Leakage Does AES Ciphertext Length Leak Information? 1️⃣ What Can Be Leaked Even though AES encryption is strong, some metadata can still be inferred from ciphertext: Length…
AES 256 Ciphertext Length versus Input String length
AES Ciphertext Length Explanation AES Ciphertext Length Explained 1️⃣ AES Block Size AES always operates on 128-bit blocks (16 bytes). The key size (128/192/256 bits) does not affect the block…
Thales HSM – Key Concepts
Thales HSM – Key Concepts Applies to Luna, nShield, and Thales Data Protection on Demand (DPoD) 1) What an HSM Does Tamper-resistant hardware for generating, storing, and using cryptographic keys…
Why are Root CAs often offline?
Root Certificate Authority Often a Standalone Server? 1. Ultimate Trust Anchor The Root CA is the trust anchor of the entire PKI hierarchy. If compromised, all subordinate certificates become untrustworthy.…